Compilation of dental terminology

A

abducent nerve – supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

abocclusion – condition where the maxillary and mandibular teeth are not in contact

aborad – situated or leading away from the mouth

aboral – relating to sites away from or opposite to the mouth

abrasion – wearing away of the tooth structure due to some abrasive substance or occupational habit

abscess – collection of pus in a cavity formed by disintegration of tissue as a result of infection

abutment tooth – a tooth used as support for a false tooth or for one end of a bridge

accessory nerve – supplies the striated muscles of the pharynx and larynx, and the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

accretion lines – Retzius’ lines

acheilia – congenital absence of a lip or lips

achondroplasia – a congenital disease affecting the skeletal development and resulting in dwarfism

aclusion – the condition of having the teeth parted (antonym: occlusion)

acoustic nerve – N.vestibulo-cochlearis

acquired pellicle – acellular layer of organic material deposited on the tooth surface after eruption

acrodont – having teeth attached directly to the jaw bone and not set in sockets

acrylic resin – synthetic form of resin used in the manufacture of dentures

acrylic veneer crown – a metal crown covered by a thin veneer of acrylic

activator – any agent necessary to activate another substance

acute abscess – an abscess having a short but sever course, producing painful local inflammation, and some fever

acute periodontitis – an acute inflammation of the periodontium of (usually) a single tooth, arising as a result of acute trauma to the tooth, or, when localized to the periapical area, as a result of irritation from bacterial toxins, drugs, or instruments following infection and subsequent root canal therapy

adamantinocarcinoma – a malignant form of ameloblastoma

adamantinioma – a locally malignant tumour of the jaw, derived from odontogenic epithelium, but not containing any enamel or other dental tissue

Adams crib – a modified form of arrowhead clasp

adduction – towards the centre or median line (antonym : abduction)

adenalgia – pain affecting a gland

adenectomy – surgical removal of a gland

adenitis – inflammation of a gland

adenocarcinoma – a malignant adenoma; a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue and to some extent rsembling the organ of its origin

adenocyst – a cystic tumour composed of adenomatous tissue

adenofibroma – a tumour composed of fibrous and glandular tissue

adenolymphoma – a benign epithelial tumour occurring in the lymph glands

adenoma – a benign epithelial tumour of glandlike structure, resembling the organ of its origin

adherent tongue – a tongue which is attached to both the floor and sides of the mouth by folds of mucous membrane

adjuvant – an additive which assists the action of a drug

adrenodontia – morphological indications of over-activity of adrenal glands, characterized by large, pointed canines, and teeth whose occlusal surfaces show a brown discoloration

adsorption – the property possessed by certain substances of sucking up fluids

adventitious dentin – secondary dentin

aerodontalgia – toothache caused by high-altitude flying

ageusia – loss or absence of a sense of taste

agger nasi – the anterior portion of the ethmoidal crest, on the maxilla

aglossia – congenital absence of the tongue

aglossostomia – congenital absence of the tongue and of the mouth opening

agnathia – complete failurer of jaw development

agomphiasis – looseness of the teeth

agomphious – having no teeth

Ainsworth’s punch – rubber dam punch

air chamber – a depression in the palatal portion of an upper denture; once thought to assist in its retention; also called vacuum chamber

airbrasive – an instrument used to cut tooth cavities by means of a mixture of sand and aluminium oxide  ejected in a stream of gas under pressure

Alexander gold – gold mixed with a wax substance to make it plastic; used for certain types of gold filling

Alexander’s crown –  a metal cap crown used as a bridge abutment

algesia – sensitivity to pain

algesic – painful

alginate – any salt of alginic acid; an irreversible colloid  used as dental impression material

algophobia – morbid fear of pain

Allen’s cement – a fusible silicous cement used to attach porcelain teeth to a plate

allotriodontia – transplantation of teeth; the presence of a tooth in an abnormal place

alloy – the substance produced by the fusion of two or more metals

alveolar artery – supplies blood to the mandibular teeth, floor of the mouth, and buccal mucous membrane (inferior), maxillary teeth and antral mucous membrane (superior). Also called dental artery

alveolar osteitis – dry socket

alveolar crest – one of the highest points on the alveolar process, between the tooth sockets

alveolar fistula – one leading to a cavity of an alveolar abscess; an alveolar sinus

alveolar foramen – one of the openings of the alveolar canals  on the infratemporal surface of the maxilla, through which the posterior superior alveolar nerves and vessels pass to the molar and premolar teeth. Also called posterior superior alveolar foramen

alveolar line – in craniometry, a line from the prosthion to the nasion

alveolar mucosa – the mucous membrane lining the vestibule of the mouth

alveolar nerve – supplies the teeth and alveolar processes. Also called dental nerve

alveolar point – the midpoint, between the central incisors, on the maxillary alveolar arch

alveolar process – a bony ridge on the border of the maxilla or the mandible containing the tooth sockets

alveolar ridge – the crest remaining in an edentulous mouth after the resorption of the alveolar process

amalgam – alloy of mercury with another metal or metals, usually silver, tin etc.

amalgam carrier – a syringe-like instrument used to transfer small quantities  of amalgam to a cavity

amalgam die – a model cast in amalgam from an impression , and from which inlays  or crowns may be fabricated

amalgam plugger – an instrument used to condense amalgam in a cavity

amalgamation – the formation of amalgam

amasesis – inability to chew

ameloblastosarcoma – a malignant tumour  arising from the epithelial odontogenic tissues

amelogenesis – the formation of enamel

amelogenesis imperfecta – an hereditary defect in enamel formation characterized by a brown coloring of the teeth

amyxorrhoea – deficiency of mucous secretion

anachoresis – the attraction of micro-organisms towards a local  tissue lesion, associated with increased immunity to infections other than that of the lesion

anaesthesia – loss of sensation or feeling

anaesthetic block – the injection of an anaesthetic  agent into or around a major nerve

anaphylaxis – an antigen-antibody reaction produced by the parental injection of an antigen, causing hypersensitivity

anaraxia – malo-occlusion

anatomical articulator – an articulator in which an attempt is made to reproduce the relationships of the upper and lower jaws in all positions and movements

anatomical crown – the part of a tooth which is covered with enamel

anatomical root – the part of the tooth that is covered by cementum

anchorage – the means of retention of a filling

ankylosis -the type of tooth attachment where the tooth is directly connected to the bone, with no intervening soft tissue

anodontia – absence of teeth

anodontism – absence of all dental organs

anorexia – lack of appetite

anterior open–bite – open-bite in which the anterior teeth do not come into contact

anterior teeth – incisors and canines

anterocclusion – a form of malocclusion in which the mandibular teeth are forward of their normal position in the arch

anthracosis linguae – black tongue

anticariogenic – relating to anything which prevents or delays the onset of caries

antiphlogistic – counteracting inflammation and fever

antipyretic – fever reducing

antisialagogue – saliva-inhibiting

antitrismus – muscular spasm preventing the closing of the mouth

antritis – inflammation of the maxillary sinus

antrocele – accumulation of fluid in the maxillary sinus

antroscope – an instrument for inspecting the maxillary sinus

antrum of Highmore – the maxillary sinus

apex – the extreme point of a root tooth

apical – related to or affecting the apex of a tooth root

apical abscess – an abscess occurring at the apex of a tooth root

apical foramen – the small opening at the apex of the tooth root by which the nerve and blood supply of the pulp enter

apical granuloma – a dental granuloma associated with the apical area of a tooth

apical space – the area between the bony wall of the tooth socket and the apex of the tooth root; the site of an apical abscess

apicectomy – surgical removal of the apex of a tooth root

apicolocator – an instrument used to locate the apex of a tooth

aplasia – failure of, or defect in the development of, an organ or tissue

appliance – any device in the mouth used to move or immobilize the teeth in order to correct or prevent malocclusion, or to supply missing teeth or serve as an obturator

apposition – the contact between two opposed surfaces, and their fitting together

Arkansas stone – a specially hard stone used to sharpen the cutting edges of dental instruments

Arkovys mixture – a preparation used in the treatment of putrescent root canals

arrowhead clasp – a form of orthodontic attachment consisting of a wire clasp round a molar tooth, fitting under the mesial and distal bulge, to which removeable appliances may be fastened

artefact – an artificial product resulting in a misleading appearance

articulating paper – carbon paper which, when bitten on, records the contact point on the teeth

articulation – the jointed movement of the upper and lower teeth. The arrangement of artificial teeth to fit the mouth and function like the natural dentition

articulator – an instrument to which models are attached in order to simulate the relationship between the upper and lower jaws in centric relation and, to a varying extent, in opening and closing movements, in protrusion and in lateral excursion

articulomachelian bar – embryonic cartilage from which the mandible develops

artificial denture – an appliance designed to replace natural teeth

artificial palate – an obturator used to close a cleft palate

artificial velum – an appliance used in prosthetic treatment of a cleft of the soft palate

Ash’s dowel crown – a crown made of porcelain baked onto a platinum tube, and held in position by a fluted dowel

aspirate – to suck up fluid  or gas from a cavity

aspirating needle – a long hollow needle used to withdraw fluid from a cavity

asymptomatic – without any symptoms

attrition – rubbing or wearing away; applied to the mechanical wearing down of the tooth surface in mastication

auriculare – the central point of the external auditory meatus

auriculo–infraorbital plane – Frankfort plane

auriculo–nasal plane – Camper’s plane

auriculo–orbital plane – Frankfort plane

autoclave – a high pressure steam type of sterilizer

automatic mallet – an instrument used to condense gold or amalgam in restorations

avulsion – complete detachment of a tooth from its socket

axial wall – that wall lying nearest the pulp in cavities on an axial surface

B

backing – the metal plate to which a porcelain tooth-facing is attached

Baelz’s disease – a disease characterized by the presence of painless papules on the labial mucous membrane

bake – to harden by means of heat, as of dental porcelain

barb – a fine backward-projecting point on a dental instrument, preventing its withdrawal

barodontalgia – pain in the teeth experienced as a result of high-altitude flying; aerodontalgia

Barton’s bandage – a figure-of-eight bandage used in fracture of the mandible

basal seat – the tissue area on which the dental base rests

base – the part of a denture which rests on the alveolar ridges, and which extend over the palate, and to which the artificial teeth

base plane – an imaginary plane used to estimate the retention in the construction of artificial dentures

basilar pit – a pit in the crown  of a maxillary incisor above the cervix

Bell’s palsy – peripheral facial paralysis

Bennet angle – the angle during lateral movement of the mandible, between the sagittal plane and the path of the condyle

Bennet movement – the movement of the mandible to left or right during mastication

bevel – an outward inclination cut or ground on any surface

bicuspid – having two cusps, a premolar tooth

bifid – split into two parts

bifurcate – forked, as the roots of molarss or other teeth

bifurcation – division into two branches

binary amalgam – amalgam containing mercury and one other metal

biscuit – porcelain after it has been baked once but before it has been glazed

bite – an impression of the teeth and gums in occlusion to show their relationship

biteplate – a temporary base plate of rigid material, carrying a rim of wax or plastic (occlusal rim) on which the bite is recorded

bitewing – form of x-ray held in place by a central wing on which the teeth can close, shows the crowns of both the upper and lower teeth on one film

black tongue – black patches of pigmentation on the tongue, composed of hypertrophied filiform pappillae and micro-organisms

bleach – to whiten by means of chemicals

boxed cast – an impression cast in a box or cup which has been built up round it of strips of soft metal or of wax, thus providing a cast which needs a little trimming and which can be well vibrated

boxing – of an impression, the process of building up walls round an impression to produce a cast of the desired size and form, and to preserve the principal landmarks of the impression

brass – an alloy of copper and zinc

bridge – an appliance, attached to remaining natural teeth, designed to restore aesthetics and function where teeth have been removed or failed to erupt

broach – a fine tapered instrument, either smooth or barbed, used to remove tooth pulp in the treatment of infected root canals, and as a reamer to enlarge root canals

bruxism – grinding or gnashing of the teeth during sleep

buccal – relating to the cheek

bur – a rotary cutting instrument used in a dental handpiece for the preparation of cavities and the trimming of restorations

burnish – to smooth/polish by friction either to obtain a high gloss or to secure the adaptation of two corresponding substances at a join

burnisher – an instrument used to finish and to polish fillings, crowns, or dentures

C

caecal foramen – a depression above the root and dorsum of the tongue, the site of the former opening of the thyroglossal duct

caecum – any blind pouch, tube, or passage

calculus – a deposit of calcium salts in an organic matrix attached to the teeth

canine eminence – the ridge on the anterior surface of the maxilla, occurring over the canine tooth socket

canine fossa – a depression on the external surface of the maxilla, immediately distal to the canine tooth socket

canine tooth – a single-cusped tooth, resembling a dog’s, found between the lateral incisor and the first molar/premolar

cantilever bridge – a bridge of which one end is attached to an abutment but the other is only seated on the alveolar ridge

cap – any substance or structure covering an exposed pulp

capitulum – a small head

cardinal tongue – a tongue which has a bright red appearance, being denuded of epithelium

caries – localized decay and disintegration of tooth enamel, dentine and/or cementum

cast – a positive likeness of an object produced by the introduction of a plastic substance into a mould or impression of that object

casting – the forcing of molten metal into a mould

catheter – a surgical tube used to evacuate fluid from body cavities or to distend a canal or vessel

caudal – relating to the tail-end of of a body (antonym: rostral)

cavity – a hollow or space; in a tooth, the space either caused by caries or cut out to remove caries

cavity preparation – thhos operative procedures in conservative dentistry which are necessary to remove carious matter from a tooth and to shape the resultant cavity for filling

cavosurface angle – the angle formed between a cavity wall and the surface of the tooth

cement – a plastic material which sets hard, used to secure an inlay or as a filling material

cementicle – a small calcareous body developing in the periodontal membrane

cementoblast – a germ cell from which cementum is eventually formed

cemento–enamel junction – relating to both the cementum and the enamel of the tooth

cementum – bony  tissue, a layer of which surrrounds  the dentine of the root of a tooth

centric occlusion – the relationship of the upper and lower dental arches when the teeth are brought toogether in contact from centric relation

centric relation – the relation of the jaws which obtains when the condylesare in the most retruded unstrained position in the glenoid fossa  from which lateral excursions can be made

cera – wax

ceramics – the art of making porcelain objects, and of processing porcelain

cervical – relating to the neck

cervical line – the line formed at the cemento-enamel junction

cervical third – the portion of the crown or root adjacent to the cervical line

cervix – the neck of a tootth

chamfer – to bevel

chart – a visible record of data relating to a patients illness, progress or treatment

check bite – an impression taken in hard wax or in modelling compound to record the various occlusal positions of the teeth in the mouth, and used to check these positions in artificial dentures in a articulator

cheilognathus – hare-lip

chill – a cold sensation with shivering, often characteristic of the onset of fever

chirurgical – relating too surgery

chronic – long, continued

chronic abscess – any abscess of long duration and slow development

chronic periodontitis – a form of periodontitis in which the progress of the condition is slow and usually generalised

cingulum – basal ridge in the cervical third on the lingual surface of  the anterior maxillary teeth

circumferential clasp – a clasp which covers more than half of the abutment tooth

clasp – any hook or band attached to a natural tooth and used to anchor a partial denture or any orthodontic appliance

cleat – occlusal rest

cleft – a fissure

cleft palate – congenital fissure of the palate, due to defective development in embryo

cleiod – a claw-like instrument used in cavity excavation

clinical crown – that part of the crown which projects above the  gum surface

clinical root – that portion of the tooth which is embedded in the gums, from the gingival sulcus

closed–bite – a malocclusion in which there is abnormally deep overlap of the incisors when the jaws are closed

cold sore – herpes labialis

condensor – an instrument with a blunt, serrated edge, used for packing and compressing gold-foil or amalgam fillings

congenital – present at birth

conical – cone shaped

conservative dentistry – that branch of dentistry which is concerned with the preservation of the teeth and the restoration of injured or diseased teeth; caries removal, fillings, crowns, bridges etc.

constriction – a contraction or during together in one part

contact point – the areas of contact on the proximal surfaces of adjacent teeth

contour – to carve or create the external form

contoured band – a band shaped to the tooth

contra–angle – a double angle or a series of angles in the shank of an instrument bringing its point or edge into line with the axis of  the handle

coronal – relating to the crown

crevice – a narrow, split or fissure in a tooth

crevicular – relating to a crevice, particularly applied to the gingival crevice

cross–bite – a malocclusion in which the buccolingual relationships of opposing teeth are the reverse of normal

crown – that part of the tooth covered by enamel which is exposed above the gum

curettage – the removal of material from root surrfaces and periodontal pockets

curette – an instrument used in curettage

cusp – a pointed projection on the tooth crown

cuspid – a canine tooth

cuticula dentis – reduced enamel epithelium

D

dmf – the expression used to indicate the number of decayed, missing or filled teeth in the deciduous dentition

DMF – the expression used to indicate the number of decayed, missing or filled teeth in the permanent dentition

debridement – the removal of dead tissue and foreign matter from a wound

debris – any foreign matter attached to the surface of a tooth

decalcification – any loss or removal of the calcium salts in bone or calcified tissue

decay – the progressive decomposition of organic matter

deciduous – regularly or naturally shed, not permanent

deciduous teeth – the primary dentition

degradation – the reduction of an organic chemical compound to one containing a smaller number of carbon atoms

demineralization – loss or removal of minerals from the body

dental arch – the bow shaped arrangement of the teeth in the mandible and the maxilla

dental calculus – a deposit of calcium salts in an organic matrix attached to the teeth

dental lamina – the ridge of thickened epithelium along the margin of the gum in the embryo, from which is formed the enamel organ

dental plaque – a soft concentrated mass, consisting of a large variety of bacteria, together with a certain amount of cellular debris, found adhering to the surfaces of the teeth when oral hygiene is neglected;it cannot be removed by rinsing

dentate bur – a bur having the cutting edges set with teeth for rapid cutting

denticle – pulp stone

dentrifice – paste, powder or liquid  used in cleaning the teeth

dentinal sclerosis – calcification of the dentinal tubules producing translucent areas and tissue changes in the tooth

dentinal sheath – Neumann’s sheath

dentinal tubule – one of the minute tubes in dentine, radiating from the pulp chamber to enamel-dentinal junction and the cemeno-dentinal junction

dentine, dentin – the calcified organic tissue forming the body of the tooth, surrounding the pulp chamber and covered by enamel and cementum

dentine bridge – a layer of dentine which reseals an exposed pulp or forms over the excised surface after pulpotomy

dentinal-enamel junction – the line marking the join between the enamel and dentin

dentinogenesis imperfecta – defective calcification of dentine, characterized by an opalescent appearance of the teeth; hereditary condition

dentist – any person who practices dentistry and is qualified to do so

dentistry – that branch of medicine concerned with oral and dental diseases and their prevention and treatment, and with oral prostheses

dentition – the teeth in the jaws

denture – a set of artificial teeth; any appliance designed to replace natural teeth

deposit – soft or hard material adhering to the tooth surface

depression – an indentation in a surface

dessication – the process of drying

detrition -the wearing away by abrasion

devitalize – to destroy vitality of the tooth pulp

diarthrosis – a freely movable joint

diastema – an abnormally wide space between two adjacent teeth

die – a metal impression or mould from which casts or models can be made

dilaceration – a condition caused by damage or fracture of a tooth during development, resulting in distortion without interruption of the normal calcification

disc – a round, solid ring of some material such as carborundum or emery used for polishing, cutting, or grinding the teeth

disclosing solution – a type of staining solution used to stain and disclose bacterial plaques or calculus on the teeth

discoid – an excavator having a disc-like blade

distal – those surfaces farthest from the mid-line of the dental arch

dowel – post

drainage -the gradual removal of fluid from a cavityy or wound

dressing – a temporary filling or restoration used to promote wound healing or for protection

drift – the horizontal movement or displacement of a tooth

drill – an instrument with spiral flukes used in the dental engine for boring or cutting holes in a tooth or in bone

dry abscess – an abscess which disperses without bursting or coming to a head

dry socket – an acute inflammatory condition of the walls of a tooth socket following the extraction of a tooth

duct – a tube or canal serving  as an outlet for secretion

E

eburnation – an increase in the hardness or density of tooth or bone structure following a pathological change

elevator -an instrument used as a lever to remove sunken or embedded parts or particles; in dentistry an instrument to remove tooth roots

eminence – a prominent or projecting part

enamel – vitreous calcific tissue covering the dentine of the tooth crown

enamel cap – the enamel covering the top of a developing tooth pappilla

enamel epithelium, reduced – a cellular layer, the remnants of the enamel organ, attached to the enamel surface of a tooth on eruption

enamel lamellae – the flat, organic bands running transversly through the enamel of the tooth

enamel organ – a proliferation of the dentinal lamina enclosing the dental papilla; it determines the shape of the tooth crown and forms the dental enamel

enamel prism – one of the prismatic rods of which tooth enamel is made up

enamel tufts – bundles of poorly clacified enamel rods extending into the tooth enamel from the amelo-dentinal junction

endocarditis – inflammation of the endocardium, the lining of the interior of the heart, generally affecting the valves

endodontics – the study and treatment of diseases affecting the tooth pulp and the root canal

endogenous – arising or developing within an organism

epulis – tumour of the gums

erosion – the wearing away of a tooth surface due to chemical or abrasive action

eruption – the act of appearing, or pushing through, as of teeth coming through the gums

erythema – redness of the skin, either diffuse or patchy, caused by congestion of the subcutaneous capillaries

evagination – protrusion from a sheath or outer covering

evanescent – disappearing quickly; unstable

exacerbation – an increase in the severity of the disease, or of any symptoms

examination – investigation for diagnostic purposes

excavation – the cavity prepared in a tooth, in which is placed a filling or inlay

excavator – a hand instrument used for excavation an removal of caries

excise – to cut out, or remove by surgery

excision – removal of any part by cutting

excochleation – the operation of curetting a cavity or scooping out foreign or diseased matter

exodontist – one who specializes in the extraction of teeth

exogenous – arising or developing outside an organism

exostosis – a bony tumour developing on the bone surface, or on a tooth root

explorer – any instrument used in diagnostic investigation

exposure – the removal of protecting enamel and dentine from the pulp of a tooth by caries or trauma

external fistula – one opening from a body cavity or abscess to the surface of the skin

exudate – the passage of matter into the adjacent teeth through vessel walls in inflammatory conditions

F

facet – a small abraded area on a tooth surface

facial – relating to the face

facial nerve – 7th cranial nerve, supplying the muscles of facial expression, and also the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, the stapedius and the stylohyoid muscles

facial surfaces of the teeth – buccal and labial surfaces collectively

facial triangle – the triangle formed by lines joining the alveolar and nasal points and the basion

fever – abnormal increase in body temperature, and other symptoms; restlessness, delirium, rapid pulse

fibroblasts – one of the germ cells from which connective tissue is formed

fibroma – a tumour composed of fibrous tissue

file – a hard steel tool with a roughened surface, for abrading or polishing

filiform – filamentous, thread-like

filling – the operation of inserting material into a prepared cavity in a tooth

finishing bur – a bur having a more finely cut head, used in finishing and burnishing restorations

first arch syndrome – a congenital abnormality syndrome which includes cleft lip and palate, mandibulo-facial dysostosis, hypertelorism, and deformities of the ear, all stemming from developmental deficiency in the first branchial arch

fissure – a small groove or trough in the enamel surface of a tooth

fissure bur – a cylindrical dental bur used for preparing a cavity involving the occlusal fissures of a premolar or molar tooth

fissure sealant – an impermeable material used to occlude the fissures of posterior teeth

fistula – an abnormal tract between two organs or an organ and the outer surface, often leading from a supparative cavity

fixation – the act of fastening in a rigid position

fixed appliance – an orthodontic regulating appliance which is attached to the supporting teeth so that it cannot be removed by the wearer

fixed bridge – a dental bridge which is fixed in place permanently to its abutments

flap – a partially detached layer of skin or tissue, either surgically produced or, for access or repair, or accidentally formed

flask – a metal box or frame containing plaster of Paris, in which dentures are enclosed and embedded for vulcanizing or curing

flexible – not rigid; readily bendable without breaking

floss – soft, waxed thread or tape, used to clear  and to clean interproximal spaces

fluoridization – the use of any fluoride, in any form, for the prevention of dental caries

fluorosis – Fluorine poisoning; a chronic condition resulting from prolonged ingestion of excessive amounts of fluorides and characterized by increasing density of the skeletal bones, and hypoplasia and discoloration of the teeth

focal – relating to a focus

focal sepsis – a local source of infection which may spread to cause systemic disease

follicle, dental – the sac containing the unerupted tooth within the alveolar process

foramen – a small hole in a bone, through which pass either blood vessels or nerves, or both

foramen caecum – caecal foramen of the tongue

framework – the metal skeleton of a denture or prosthesis on which the remaining portions are built up to produce a completed appliance

freeway space – the slight gap between the upper and lower teeth when the mandible is at rest

frenulum – a membranous fold supporting or limiting the movement of an organ

friable – easily crumbled

friability – the quality of being easily crumbled

full denture – a denture which replaces all the teeth in either the upper or lower jaws or in both

furcation – the condition of being divided into prongs, or of being forked

furrow – a trench or groove

fusiform – spindle shaped

G

gag – to wretch; to heave without vomiting

gag reflex – pharyngeal reflex

gangrene – necrosis of tissue due to failure of the arterial blood supply, injury, or disease

gauge – any instrument used to obtain mesaurements

gel – a colloid existing as a semisolid or gelatinous mass

gemination – the development of the equivalent of two teeth from one follicle, having only one pulp chamber and a groove or depression down the centre to mark the division

general anaesthesia – anaesthesia of the whole body

genio- – prefix signifying chin

giant cell – a large, multinuclear cell, such as an osteoclast

gingiva – the gum tissue and mucous membrane surrounding the tooth and alveolar process

gingival – relating to the gingiva

gingival abscess – an  absces occuring in a periodontal pocket and affecting the gingiva round the cementum of a tooth

gingival crevice – the space lying between the inner aspect of the free gingiva and the tooth enamel or cementum, depending on the level of the epithelial attachment

gingival margin – the unattached edge of the gingiva at the necks of the teeth

gingivectomy – surgical excision of the gum or a gum lesion

gingivitis – inflammation of the gingiva

gingivoplasty – any method of eliminating periodontal pockets while preserving the natural outline of the gingivae as far as possible

gland – an organ which produces a secretion

glaze – the shiny vitreous covering fused onto porcelain

-glossa – suffix signifying tongue

glossectomy – total or partial excision of the tongue

glossograph – an instrument used to trace tongue movements during mastication or speech

glossotomy – incision of the tongue

gnarled enamel –  enamel in which the prismatic rods are twisted in various directions

gnathology – the study of the  masticatory mechanism

goitre – enlargement of the thyroid gland

gold – a soft, yellow metal used in dentistry for fillings and inlays

gomphosis – looseness of the teeth

gonion – the outer tip of the angle of the mandible

graft – a piece of tissue, such as skin, muscle or bone, used to repair a defect by implantation

granuloma – a tumour composed of granulation tissue

groove – a long, narrow channel or trough in any surface

gustation – the sense of taste, or the act of tasting

gutta-percha -the dehydrated product of the juice of certain sapotaceous trees; a plastic substance, used for fillings in root canal treatment

H

haemangioma – a benign tumour arising from blood vessels

haematoma – a swelling caused by the extravasation of blood into the tissues

haemoptysis – the presence of blod in the sputum, caused by bleeding in the  upper respiratory tract or the lungs

haemorrhage – internal or external loss of blood due to injury or other damage to a blood vessel

haemostasis – the arrest of bleeding

halitosis – foetid smelling breath

Hanau’s equation – an algebraic formula used in the setting up of an anatomical articulator

handpiece – the part of a dental engine attached to the driving belt, and into which various instruments may fitted

Hapsburg jaw – Mandibular prognathism, similar to the hereditary condition which affecteed the Hapsburg dynasty

Hapsburg lip – the over-developed lower lip often accompanying Hapsburg jaw

hard palate – the bony, front portion of the root of the root

hare lip – congenital fissure of one or both sides of the upper lip

herpes – an acute inflammatory skin infection, characterized by vesicles which appear in clusters

herpes labialis – cold sores or blisters occurring on the lips

herpes simplex – herpes vesicles affecting the mucous membranes particularly, and developing on the borders of the lips and nostrils

herpes zoster – herpes affecting the body, especially in areas supplied by certain nerves

herpetic – relating to herpes

Hertwig’s sheath – a continuation of the internal and external enamel epithelium at the lower rim of the enamel organ, which provides the inductive stimulus for root dentine formation and determines root morphology

Highmore, antrum of – Maxillary sinus

hilus – a pit or opening in an organ, generally where the vessels or ducts enter

homodont – having teeth all of the same form

horizontal overbite – overjet

hydrocolloid – a type of dental impression material, may be reversible or irreversible

hygrostomia – chronic excessive salivation

hyperaemia – excess of blood causing local congestion

hypercementosis – over-development of cementum on tooth roots

hyperdontia – the condition of having supernumerary teeth present in the mouth

hyperkeratosis linguae – black tongue

hyperplasia – over-development of an organ or tissue, due to increased production of cells

hypersialosis – excessive salivary secretion

hypertension – abnormally high blood pressure

hyperthyroidism – a condition caused by abnormal hyperfunction of the thyroid gland

hypertrophy – an abnormal increase in the size of an organ or part due to enlargement of its constituent cells

hypnodontics – the application of hypnosis in dentistry

hypodermic – under the skin

hypodermic needle – a form of hollow needle used with a syringe for injections

hypodontia – underdevelopment of the teeth

hypoglossal canal – the anterior condylar canal

hypoplasia – under-development of an organ or tissue

hypotension – abnormally low blood pressure

I

ichor – the thin, watery discharge from a wound or ulcer

idiopathic – self-originated pathologic condition

impacted tooth – a tooth oriented in the jaw such that it is unable to erupt

implant – an artificial denture supported by a framework fastened to the alveolar process beneath the periosteum, and having protruding abutments to which the denture is attached

implantation – the placing of some foreign substance within the body tissues for restoration purposes

impression – a negative likeness or mould of an object obtained in a plastic substance from which a model may be cast

impression compound – a plastic material used for taking dental impressions, and composed of fatty acids, shellac, glycerin, and some form of filler

impression tray – a metal receptacle in which wax or plastic impression material is placed when taking mouth impressions

incisal edge – the edge which cuts, the biting, edge of an incisor or canine

incisive canal – a canal in the maxilla leading from the incisive fossa to the floor of the nasal cavity

incisive foramen – one of the two to four openings of the incisive canal on the floor of the incisive fossa

incisive fossa – a depression on the maxilla behind the incisors

inclination – the tilt of a tooth away from the vertical, in any direction

inclusion – the embedding of a tooth in the alveolar bone to such an extent that it cannot erupt

incremental line – one of the lines which are said to show the laminar structure of dentine and enamel in a tooth

infiltration anaesthesia – local anaesthesia of a limited area produced by the infiltration of an anaesthetic agent into the surrounding tissues

infraclusion/infra-occlusion – a form of malocclusion, where the occluding surfaces of the teetht are below the normal occlusal plane

inlay – a type of tooth filling which is cast to fit the tooth cavity and cemented in position

interalveolar septum – the bony wall dividing two tooth sockets

interdental papillae – the ginigiva in the spaces between the mesial surface of one tooth and the distal surface of the one adjacent

interdental space – the space below the contact point between two adjacent teeth

interdental splint – a type of splint used in fracture of the jaw, held in place by wires passed round the teeth

internal fistula – a fistula between two organs or cavities, with no opening to the external surface

interproximal space – interdental space

interradicular – situated between roots

interradicular septum – the bony partition between the roots of a multi-rooted tooth

intra-alveolar septum – a bony partition within the tooth socket

invaginate – to fold back one part of a tube or other tissue so that it is enclosed within another part of itself, as in a sheath

inversion – the condition of a tooth which erupts with the root uppermost

invest – to pack in investment material, in the construction of artificial dentures

investment – any material used to enclose dentures or crowns preparatory to soldering, casting, or vulcanizing

irrigation – the process of washing out, as of a cavity with a stream of water

irritation – the act of overstimulating

 irritation point – in the testing of vital pulp with an electric current, the average reading at which, on application of the current, a tingling sensation is felt, but before pain is produced

ivory – dentine

J

jacket crown – a porcelain or acrylic veneer crown which is placed over the prepared remains of a vital natural teeth

Jacobson’s nerve – tympanic nerve

Jacobson’s organ – a slender canal in the nasal mucosa that ends in a blind pouch, has an olfactory function, and is rudimentary in adult humans

jaw – the mandibular or the maxillary facial process

junction – the area of joining or meeting between two or more organs

K

kelectome – an instrument used to remove specimens of tissue from a tumour for examination

keloid –  a fibrous recurrent hyperplastic scar growth on the skin

Kennedy bar – continuous bar retainer

keratomycosis linguae – black tongue

Kingsley’s splint – A vulcanized oral splint, made to a model of the fractured jaw with the fracture reduced, and having wires at each end extending outside the mouth to be attached to a head-band

Kocher’s operation – an operation for excision of the tongue through an incision running from the mastoid process to the hyoid bone and to the symphysis of the mandible

Kollikers dental crest – the portion of the maxillary ridge on which the incisor teeth develop

Koplik’s spots – small, whitish spots on the mucous membrane of the mouth in the early stages of measles

Koyter’s muscle – The corrugator supercilii muscle

Krimer’s operation – an operation for closure of a palatal fissure by means of wide mucoperiosteal flaps sutured at the median line

Kuhnt’s operation – an operation for treatment of frontal sinus disease by the removal of the anterior wall and the curetting of the mucous membrane

L

labial – relating to the lips, the surface of the tooth facing the lips

labial commissure – the corners of the mouth, where the upper and lower lips join

laevocondylism – deviation to the left of the mandibular condyles

lamina dura – a thin layer of cortical bone lining the tooth sockets, important on x-rays, where it shows up as a continuous white line

lancet – a knife-like instrument used to cut soft tissues

laryngeal – relating to the larynx

lateral occlusion – the occlusion of the teeth with the mandible moved to one side or the other, not in centric occlusion

Le Fort fracture I – those affecting the alveolar process, the palate and the pterygoid processes, transversely

Le Fort fracture II – a transverse fracture extending through the nasal bones, affecting the maxillary frontal process, the orbital plate, and descending through the maxillary antrum across to the pterygoid process; a pyramidal fracture

Le Fort III – those affecting the bridge of the nose and the orbit, the pyramidal processes of the maxilla and zygoma remaining attached; craniofacial dysjunction

lead line – a bluish line on the edge of the gums, seen in lead poisoning

lentula – a flexible spiral instrument used to carry sealer into the root canal

leukoplakia – a disease characterized by white thickened patches which develop on the tongue (linguae), the gums, and the buccal mucous membrane (buccalis); sometimes tends to malignancy

ligature – a cord or wire for tying vessel. In orthodontics, a wire or thread used to fasten a tooth to an appliance or to another tooth

liner – any material used on the inner surfaces of a cavity or container for protection or insulation

lingual nerve – supplies the mucosa of the anterior portion of the tongue and the floor of the mouth

liquefaction – the change to a liquid state

M

maceration – the softening of a substance or tissue caused by soaking in a liquid or due to excessive moisture

macroalveolism – a condition in which the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla is excessively large in all dimensions

macrocheilia – a congenital condition in which the lips are abnormally large

macrodontia (megadontia) – a developmental defect in which the teeth are larger than normal for a particular tooth type

macrogenia – a condition in which the height, projection, and width of the chin prominence is too large in relation to the rest of the facial skeleton

macroglossia – an enlarged tongue which may be developmental or due to thyroid deficiency (cretinism), a tumour, or obstruction of the lymph drainage

macrognathia –  a condition in which one or both jaws are unusually large

macrophage – a large scavenger cell present in connective tissue, major organs, and tissues that ingests bacteria , degenerated cell, and foreign bodies

macrostomia – the condition of having an abnormally large mouth

macula – a small anatomical area or spot that is distinguishable from the surrounding tissue

maintenance phase – the period following active treatment during which there is periodical review and assessment. Long-term maintenance is an important aspect of periodontal treatment

malaise – a general feeling of being unwell, sick, or nauseous which may indicate the presence of diesease

Malassez, rest cells of – cells thought to be remnants of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath which remain after root development is complete. They are found near the cementum of most teeth, mainly around the apical and cervical area

malignant – Any disease or condition which becomes life-threatening if untreated. It is characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth

malleability – the physical property of a material, such as gold, signifying its capability of permanent deformation, especially by hammering or rolling

mallet – an instrument used for hammering

malnutrition – an imbalance between food ingested and food required to maintain health

malocclusion – a deviation of the teeth or a malrelationship of the dental arches outside the accepted range of normal. May be the result of an abnormal jaw size, malformed teeth, missing teeth, supernumerary teeth, retained, impacted, or unerupted teeth, macrodontia, microdontia, developmental abnormalities, environmental factors

mamelon – one of three rounded prominences on the incisal edge of a recently erupted incisor

mandible – the bone of the lower jaw which accomodates the lower dentition in the alveolar process

manikin – a replica of part or all of the human body used for educational purposes

manipulation time – that part of the working time during which a material can be manipulated without adversely affecting its properties

marginal ridge – an enamel elevation on the crown of a tooth which forms the mesial or distal border of the occlusal surface

margin trimmer – an angulated chisel-like hand instrument used to bevel the gingival margin of a tooth cavity preparation

mastication – the process of chewing food

mastoid process – a protuberance of the petrous part of the temporal bone found immediately behind and below the external part of the ear

materia alba – a soft non-mineralized whitish deposit found ont he tooth surface around the gingival margins, usually associated  with poor oral hygiene. It consists of food debris, micro-organisms and dead tissue cells. Unlike dental plaque, it can be washed off with water

matrix – 1. histologically: the substances of a tissue or organ such as dentine. 2.  A mechanical or artificial wall or mould used to support a plastic material

matrix band – a thin band of metal, mylar, or acetate used to provide a temporary wall when inserting a plastic restorative material. A metal matrix band  is used when amalgam is condensed into a cavity with a missing proximal wall. An acetate or mylar matrix band or strip which permits the transmission of light, may be used to provide an artificial wall when placing chemically cured or light activated resin composites

matrix retainer – a mechanical device designed to hold a matrix band in position on the tooth. Ivory retainer, Siqveland retainer, Tofflemire retainer, Circumferential retainer, Contact Ring matrix retainer

maxilla – one of two bones which are mirror images of each otherand which together form the upper jaw and contain the upper teeth. It is a hollow structure containing a large air-filled space, the maxillary sinus (antrum)

maxillary sinus (antrum) – the largest of the paranasal sinuses occupying the body of the maxilla. The sinus floor is closely related to the apices of the permanent molar teeth and is a potential hazard during tooth extraction

medical history – a record of a patient’s previous medical condition, treatment, inoculations, allergies, and medication

medicament – a drug or preparation used for the prevention of disease or that promotes recovery from an injury, ailment, or disease

Medicare – a US federal insurance programme that provides certain in-patient hospital and physician services for all persons aged 65 and older, and eligible individuals with a disability

megaloglossia – a form of macroglossia due to enlargement (hypertrophy) of the tongue muscles

melanoma – a highly malignant tumour of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes)

melanoplakia – pigmented patches of melanin on the surface of the tongue and in the mucous membrane lining the cheeks

melitis – inflammation of the cheek

mesenchyme – Embryonic connective tissue  that develops mainly from the middle layer( mesoderm) of the embryo. Differentiates into blood vessels, smooth muscles, and skeletal  and connective tissue. It is in this layer that the embryonic tooth buds begin to develop

mesial drift – the gradual migration of teeth toward the midline or anteriorly in the dental arch; it occurs naturally with age due to abrasion of the interproximal tooth surfaces and may occur more quickly when a tooth is lost and no appliance is inserted to maintain the space

mesiodens – a supernumerary tooth either erupted or unerupted found between the two maxillary central incisors

metaplasia – a reversible condition characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type

metastasis – the spread of a malignant tumor to a distant part of the body

methylene blue – a chemical compound used to stain residual proteinaceous material in the root canal during endodontic treatment

methyl methacrylate – a monomer used in the production of polymethylmethacrylate resin used primarily as a denture base material and for surgical prostheses

microabrasion – the process of applying an abrasive material, such as aluminium oxide, to the tooth surface to remove superficial stains and discoloration

microleakage – the seepage of fluids, micro-organisms, debris, and breakdown products along the junction between a restoration and the walls of the cavity preparation

micromotor – a miniature electric motor which can be linked directly to a contra-angle or straight dental handpiece. Rotational speed 0-35,000rpm

mineralization – the bioprecipitation of an inorganic material. Calcium and phosphate ions are deposited during the mineralization of enamel, dentine, and cementum. Plaque may be mineralized to form calculus by the incorporation of inorganic ions

mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) – an endodontic cement composed of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite, calcium sulphate, and bismuth oxide used as a retrograde root filling material in root end preparations, for pulpotomies, pulp capping, or for root perforations. It is antimicrobial, alkaline powder mixed with water to make a grainy paste with a pH of 11.5-12.5

mixing time – that part of the working time required to achieve a satisfactory mix of all constituents of a material. If either the mixing time or the manipulation time are prolonged, it may negatively affect the properties of the material

model – a positive reproduction or cast made from an impression of an object. It is used as a diagnostic or status record or as a base for the construction of a prosthetic or orthodontic appliance

moisture control – the means of minimizing blood, water, or saliva contamination during and intra-oral restoration procedure

mucin – a mucopolysaccharide which is the chief constituent of mucus. It is a mixture of glycoproteins soluble in water

mucobuccal fold – the line of flexure of the mucous membrane as it passes from the cheek to the mandibular or maxillary surface

mucogingival – describing the portion of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process including the gingivae (keratinized tissue) and the adjacent alveolar mucosa

mucogingival junction – line of demarcation between the pale pink attached keratinized gingiva and the darker red non-keratinized alveolar mucosa

muscles of facial expression – the muscles surrounding the eyes, nose, and mouth which act as contractors and dilators of these openings. They are a large group of superficial muscles which have their insertion into the skin rather than bones. hey aid speech and chewing and also modify the expression of the face by their action on the forehead, eyelids, cheeks, nostrils, and lips. They are derived from the second pharyngeal arch and are innervated by the facial nerve.

muscles of mastication – a group of muscles which act together to produce a coordinated movement of the mandible during chewing. They are innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. The muscles consist of the temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, and digastric

N

Nasmyth’s membrane (primary enamel cuticle) – the temporary remnants of the reduced enamel epithelium covering the crown of the tooth after eruption

National Health Service (NHS) (in Britain) – a publicly funded healthcare system established in 1948. It provides comprehensive therapeutic and preventive medical, dental and surgical care including prescription and dispensing of medicines, spectacles, and medical appliances. NHS dental care is provided through the hospital service, the salaried dental service, and by general dental practitioners practicing within the general dental services

nerve block – a method of obtaining analgesia in a defined region of the body by temporarily blocking the passage of pain impulses in the sensory nerve of supply. A local analgesic is injected into the tissues in close proximity to the nerve to produce a localized area of anaesthesia

Neumann’s sheath – the thin layer of dentine immediately surrounding each dentine tubule

neuralgia – pain associated with a nerve or nerves

nickel-chrome alloy – a base metal alloy which may also include molybdenum and beryllium, used as an alternative to gold in the fabrication of metal-ceramic restorations and in the construction of removable partial denture frameworks. It has the advantage over gold in being cheaper, providing greater rigidity, and being stronger in thin section. The disadvantages include the potential biological hazards, difficult handling, and uncontrolled chromium oxide formation

nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi)  – an alloy of titanium typically containing 50-55% nickel. Because of its strength and ability to deform without fracture it is used in orthodontics for brackets and wires and in endodontics, where Ni-Ti files are used to clean and shape the root canals during root canal therapy

nicotine – a substance derived from leaves of the nightshade family of plants. In low concentrations it acts as a stimulant and is responsible for the addictive quality of cigarette  smoking

non-vital – describing a tooth in which the pulp has undergone degenerative change (necrosis) and does not respond to thermal or electrical stimulation

O

obligate – restricted to a particular set of environmental conditions without which an organism cannot survive

oblique lateral radiograph – an extra-oral radiograph that can be taken using a dental x-ray set which will allow visualization of the posterior teeth, angel, ramus,  and condyle of the mandible and posterior maxilla

obtund – to diminish or blunt sensitivity or pain

obturation – the act of closing, obstructing or occluding. Also, the act of filling the root canal system with an inert material following complete extirpation of the pulpal tissue

occlusal plane – an imaginary surface that theoretically touches the tips of the cusps of the posterior teeth and the incisal tips of the anterior teeth

 occlusal rim – the wax occlusal extension of a denture base used to establish jaw and tooth relationships during the construction of a complete or partial denture. Also known as a bite block, bite rim, or occlusal record block

occupational disease – a disease to which workers in specific occupations are particularly prone

odontalgia – pain in a tooth or teeth

odontoblast – a dentine-forming cell. They are mesodermal in origin  and are formed from cells at the periphery of the dental papilla at about 17-18weeks in utero. Odontoblasts are columnar cells that initially secrete a collagenous unmineralized matrix to form predentine; as they retreat towards the dental pulp they leave an elongated process (odontoblast process)

odontoclast – a cell responsible for the resorption of dentine and cementum

odontoclastoma (pink spot) – internal tooth resorption which begins centrally within the tooth and is characterized by a pink discoloration of the crown. The resorbed tooth tissue is replaced by hyperplastic vascular tissue

oil of cloves – an essential oil from the clove plant. It contains the active ingredient eugenol which has analgesic properties  and is included in some temporary tooth dressing materials. It can be irritant if applied topically to mucous membranes

olfaction – the sense of smell. Specialized receptors are present in the mucous membrane (olfactory epithelium) lining the posterior part of the nasal cavity; these are stimulated by odorants (volatile chemical compounds) which send electrical signals via the olfactory nerve to the olfactory cortex of the brain

onlay – a laboratory-processed restoration made of metal, porcelain, or resin composite that replaces one or more cusps and adjoining occlusal surfaces of a tooth

operative dentistry – the specialist area of dentistry concerned with the functional, restorative, and aesthetic problems associated with the teeth

oral health index (OHI) – a statistical measure that quantifies a number of aspects of an individual’s oral health status and assigns them a numerical value

oroantral fistula – an abnormal pathway that connects the oral cavity with the maxillary antrum. It can be created unintentionally following the extraction of an upper posterior tooth with roots that penetrate the antrum. It is usually treated by surgical closure if healing is not spontaneous

orthodontics – the specialist branch of dentistry concerned with the growth and development of the face and jaws and the treatment of irregularities of the teeth

osseointegration – a direct structural, functional, and biological adhesion between living bone and the surface of a load-carrying titanium implant without a foreign-body reaction. The dental implant is retained rigidly within the bone without any functional mobility because of the absence of a periodontal membrane between the bone and the implant

osteoblast – a cuboidal-shaped cell responsible for the formation of bone

osteoclast – a large multinucleate cell responsible for the resorption of bone . Their activity allows tooth movement through bone to take place during orthodontic therapy

osteocyte – a bone cell: an osteoblast that has ceased bone-forming activity and has become embedded in the bone matrix

out-patient – a person who receives treatment, examination, or observation in a hospital  but is not admitted to a bed in a hospital ward

overhang – an excess of restorative material projecting beyond the cavity margin

oxygen inhibition layer – a thin layer of non-polymerized resin on the surface of a resin composite material produced as a result of the action of atmospheric oxygen. The oxygen inhibition layer consists of mainly uncured monomers. Viscous glycerine-based gels are designed to prevent the formation of an oxygen inhibition layer on the surface of resin materials when they are polymerized